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In a world of unspeakable cruelty and inconceivable injustices perpetrated by Sovereign States against their own people, it is at times easy to forget the International human rights regime that came into existence after the atrocities of World War II. The birth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be traced to the draft
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Justice as the first virtue of Society John Rawls, a professor of philosophy at Harvard University, posited a liberal political theory modifying the social contract theory conceptualizing liberal democratic society. In going beyond the traditional way of conceiving a social contract between a State and its people , Rawls perceived justice primarily as fairness. His
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What is the Cosmopolitan / Communitarian Debate? What are the implications of drawing boundaries around the community relevant to moral questions? The universality of morality is a key feature of cosmopolitanism. Such a universal moral code is said to transcend national boundaries in its application to everyone regardless of racial and cultural differences, since ‘what
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The argument raised by Feminist and Critical thinkers that IR is ‘one of the most gender-blind and …patriarchal, of all the institutionalized forms of contemporary social and political analysis ( Jones p.405) deserves some consideration. ‘Epistemological assumptions’ influenced by patriarchal or ‘masculinist’ modes of thinking on concepts such as power and national interests inherent in the
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Robert Cox ‘s famous quote, ‘Theory is always for someone and for some purpose‘ (Cox, p.128), suggests the utility that a theory provides in privileging the perspective of the theorist . The problem that arises is that no single perspective or ideological stance inherent in a theory can adequately conceive or make sense of the
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The social constructivist approach is distinctive in that it emphasises human consciousness and knowledge in a way that ‘treats ideas as structural factors which influence how actors interpret the world.’ ( Baylis, p.162). It is a social theory in the sense that it postulates that ‘people act towards objects , including other actors , on
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Pluralism contrasted with Solidarism The theoretical approach of the English School of International Relations can be traced to the ideas of Hedley Bull who conceived international society as ‘a group of states , conscious of certain common interests and values, forms a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a
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The article by Deudney and Ikenberry on the nature and sources of International Liberal Order provides a more optimistic perspective to that of the neorealist views on the ‘cooperation within the West: balance of power and Hegemony'(Ikenberry, p. 179) within an anarchical system . Instead of conceiving the securitization of and cooperation between Western states
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What are the main issues and concepts on which realist thinkers focus? The dominant theoretical elements underpinning realism are statism , survival and self-help inherent in the writings of classicist realists such as Thucydides and structural realists such as Kenneth Waltz. A central theme of realism is the concept of anarchy which is used to denote the idea that
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Have you heard? Some people are more human than others….. ”About 600 refugees and asylum seekers who have been sent to Papua New Guinea and Nauru under Australia’s offshore processing system remain in legal limbo there after six years. In 2019, the government transferred about 170 refugees to Australia under a medical evacuation (medevac) law that enabled refugees
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The Testimonial Evidence of the Victims of the Massacre and Rapes carried out by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Military), as documented by Fortify Rights and the US Holocaust Memorial Museum Their report entitled ‘Bearing Witness, November 2017’ speaks for itself and is relevant in addressing the denials and deflections of the Myanmar government and its de
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In an increasingly conflict ridden world plagued by brutal military intervention in the lives of millions of individuals living in places such as Gaza, Syria, Nicaragua and Myanmar, international law becomes even more important in providing some degree of protection to civilians who are victims of violence at the hands of a Nation State and
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